Us Territory South of Equator

Illes Equatorales

This is not the case; it has become generally known that some 45 years ago the United States purchased official and real ownership of certain Middle Pacific island properties located within and along the Ecuadorian Gulf, almost as far west as the eastern hemisphere. As early as 1856, certain travellers in these areas, mostly US whalers crossing the line, had from time to time been visiting several small, low and disolate sea corals and islets where they had found precious phosphate resources or so-called phosphate guanos, and in August of that year Congress adopted a law allowing US nationals, under mandatory terms, to occupy, purchase and take ownership of such an island on behalf of the United States.

A number of US nationals were asserted and trespassed on a number of isles, who obtained legal property there and for many years thereafter were granted sole property and exploitative powers under the authorities and jurisdictions of the United States administration and under the US banner.

During this period, two of these archipelagos, Jarvis and Baker (New Nantucket), were undeniably US property, not only under the Congress Act, but also by the act of the U.S. Commandant of St. Mary's, Captain Davis, U.S.N..., who on the orders of his administration in 1858 paid both a visit and "formally took hold of the island on behalf of the United States and filed an appropriate statement on the ground, made on vellum and well protected", which he properly informed the Minister of the Navy (Executive Document No. 11, Senate, Thirty-Fifth Congress, First Meeting, 1858).

In 1858, the United States had already hovered over US island holdings in the Pacific Ocean and up to 176 32' to the west of Greenwich, at Baker Island, thirteen leagues northeast of the equator, and only about three hundred leagues from the anti-prime veridian that separates the two continents.

When these facts are new or in some way unexpected for some good US people who have become strong supporters of the Pacific Ocean's expansion policies in recent times and who, perhaps most of all, claim that once the banner has been hoisted, it may be even more astonishing for these people to know that in the course of man's incidents it has somehow become so,

all of these isles were extradited or abolished to other applicants and were transferred to the United Kingdom under the United Kingdom banner after many years of ownership and activity of US nationals and irrespective of the provisions of the initial Congressional Act that no Guanese should be taken from such isles, except for the good of US nationals and for use within the United States.

Not only the Isles once purchased and owned under the 1856 Act alone, but also Jarvis and Baker, for whom the United States administration made particular demands in 1858 through their agents Captain Davis in St. Mary's: since then both Isles have either been sold or licensed or abandoned by the American plaintiffs and inmates to an British commercial company, and thus an British company, which was founded for the purposes of taking over the company's operations around January 1, 1897.

The fact that the deposits had not yet been fully utilised is at least shown by the brochure of the British society, which states that the mentioned archipelago at that time contains about one hundred and twenty thousand tonnes of Guan. Jarvis came across the Ecuadorian sea, looking for what she could gobble up in this line, and probably found Jarvis with no one at home to place the stars and stripes, of course devoured the little isle, and sails away, not only without provoke any protest, but apparently,

Jarvis expressly refers to a Pacific nautical map issued in 1896 by the Hydrographic Office of the United States Navy Department for the purposes of representing the ownership of the archipelago of various countries as the Isle. Christmas, Cormorants took Christmas, Palmyra and Palmyra a few degree further northerly and generally between Jarvis and Hawaii at about the same apogee.

Almost every isle in this part of the Pacific has since been taken up as UK property; and on the sea map only the only isles in the region that are not clearly designated as UK are Baker and his only neighbour, Howland, and both are now actually owned by the above UK firm, which is or was active in the shipping of the UK under the leasehold or licence of the UK Government's Co-Lonial Office and under the aegis of the UK Flag.

Those dispersed isles that have nothing to do with other groups are commonly referred to as "line islands". In 1899, the United States administration made an offering of one million Ualan or Kusaie, sometimes known as Strong's Island, located fifteen hundred leagues or more to the east and north of Baker, which the Germans refused.

A while ago, Fanning's Island, an inhabitated reef site a few degree just off Jarvis, became a pro-manent cabling facility for a five thousand miles UK cabling currently under construction between Vancouver and Australia. Jarvis and Baker are both favourably placed on routes linking the Pacific coasts of the United States with Australia or New Zealand and affecting Hawaii and Samoa; and the United States' title, founded on Captain Davis' title, may eventually lead to an intergovernmental war.

It is twenty-two nautical leagues south of the equator in the degree of latitude and 58' in the degree of longitude 1590 just south of Greenwich. It' a small spot of middle oceans between one and two nautical leagues from easterly to westerly and less than a nautical leagues across from northerly to southerly, with an area of perhaps a thousand hectares.

Formerly a waterfall, the peninsula is now full of reefs. Jarvis' inner area is almost as whitish as the beaches and the surrounding ring of waves, here and there only slightly shadowed by thin and sparse flora, a kind of slow portulac and a small, long, rough, browny gras.

Viewed from a boat several mile away, in bright sunshine, the beach on the coast can hardly be differentiated from the ocean, which breaks in the bright waves on the surrounding cliffs or ripples in the distance with toppings. In the early years it was a long custom that a boat came close to the isle, a cabin that was not yet seen from one of the high vantage points when one of them was singing all of a sudden, not "land ho", but that he could see a banner on the waters, then a man who rides on a hawk, and then the isle under the hawk!

This award-winning horseman was the deceased Dr. Judd of Hono-lulu, acclaimed in the annals of Hwaiian business, who just visited the Isle as a representative of the American Guano Company of New York, the re-founded, truly owned Occu-pant. Situated about a thousand leagues east of Jarvis, Baker lsland is similar in general but smaller, contains only about four hundred hectares and is a little thicker in colour and a little thicker with pine and gras.

It' s also very isolated from any high country, and has only one neighbour, Howland Island, about fifty leagues to the north-west. Jarvis and Baker were undoubtedly the most important of all Pacific Isles purchased by US nationals under the 1856 Congress Act.

This New York capitalist society was active in providing these two archipelagos with all the necessary equipment for the exploration of the reservoirs and the cargo of the ships. Ships have been hired in San Francisco to carry cargo to the island and sailing to Hampton Roads. One vessel was sent from New York to Jarvis and Baker, laden with material for the building of homes and working installations on the island and with ropes, tracks, anchors, buoy and other necessary equipment for deepwater berths.

In 1859-61, the author studied and researched a large number of reefs along the Pacific Strip in order to study and look for these phhoaphatic sediment. One of the main problems of the new company was the anchoring of ships and the transportation of guanos from land to sea.

Coastal areas of Pacific corals and Pacific islets are generally very daring and drop at a steep slope from the sea floor to the depth of the submersible, which is likely to be more than fifteen thousand ft on this part of the oceans on averages. In Jarvis and Baker and similar islets, the waters deepen audaciously from the outside rim of the cliff, and with hardly any length of vessel from the bank, a hundred meter long line could not make it to the bottom.

The vessels were usually tied up off the west bank of the islands, where they were quickly tied to berths supported by strong anchor and chains, two anchor for each anchor, one on the outside rim of the coral and one in shallow sands. There was hardly any room for a vessel to oscillate between the beacon and coral canal, a secure position in windy and windy weather, both constantly off the coast, but very hazardous under other circumstances.

Most of the time, the predominant wind was eastbound trade, which, with the almost always strongly westbound EQUATERIAL FLOW, held the boats back from the coast. So, this powerful western flow was an important element in the security of the island boats, but it has sometimes loosened and sometimes turned eastwards, probably because the flow and countercurrent belts, something like a two-track street, have now and then moved up and down northerly or southward.

A master of a craft was faced with the hard job of taking his craft to the berth under sails, practically on the open seas, with a path sufficient to access and grab the rope that was already attached to the bungee at one end and wound up in a craft willing to be brought on board at the precise instant it came within easy grasp.

This has been done several replicates in some cases, and a vessel was unfortunate enough to waste more than a months to get to the isle. Anchored safely under the slipstream of the west bank, a vessel can remain as calm for day and week as in a well-protected harbour and almost as free of any major hazard.

Most of the time, the boats were within a length of rope of the deck riff, at the outside of which the ocean was breaking in a soft surge, which did not hinder the whaleboat to and from the whale, which transported the river guan os from bank to tank. In other times of the year, especially between October and March, there were occasionally very high surfing times, which lasted several nights when all communication between the coast and the boats became inconceivable.

Then, the oceans roll in from the vastness of the oceans in long, rising waves with slippery, close neighbours, Howland Island, about fifty leagues to the north-west. Jarvis and Baker were undoubtedly the most important of all Pacific Isles purchased by US nationals under the 1856 Congress Act.

This New York capitalist society was active in providing these two archipelagos with all the necessary equipment for the exploration of the reservoirs and the cargo of the ships. Ships have been hired in San Francisco to carry cargo to the island and sailing to Hampton Roads. One vessel was sent from New York to Jarvis and Baker, laden with material for the construction of homes and work installations on the island and with ropes, tracks, anchors, buoy and other necessary equipment for deep-water berths.

The entire transport of the island between vessel and coast was conducted in whaleboats occupied by whaleboats occupied by whaling canacas from Hawaii, amphibian companions who were very skilled in their work, capable of taking the opportune time to pass the crushers, and in an unfortunate capsizing as much at home in the waters as fish.

Sometimes, when the high waves made the island rather inaccessible to the vessels, it was an easier job and a good exercise for one of these canakas to go from the shoreline to a vessel at the pier and back, with embassies in a message wrapped around him. During one of these high surfing seasons, the ocean broke on the coral wall with such great force that neither the vessel nor the swimmers could survive in the fact that the author developed and successfully applied a way of communicating between the waterfront and the vessel using a large dragon, which consisted of a lightweight wood framework coated with a thin cloth and provided with a thick dragon line.

This ring was used to lead a light string and a message containing a note for the boat was bound to the outside end. Obviously when the flask was out of the breakers, the kiteline was quickly made ashore, and the light line that went through the ring was payed off so that the flask could fall into the waters.

Both Jarvis and Baker were known and in the chart long before they were to contain anything of value. The whalers were seldom seen or seen except by whalers who might find the opportunity to end up looking for eggs on their way along the equator or to call the lonely postal station in Baker, which for many years before the permanent occupancy was made up of a roofed crate attached to an erect pillar where whalers could both find their own correspondence and write to others, a tradition that all whalers who travel home or to the Arctic would take all their correspondence with them.

Occasionally such an islet has become the tomb of a destitute seafarer who has been passed by his neighbourhood by death and whose corpse, instead of going into the depths, has been dormant in a sand tomb on this secluded spot of terrestrial insulation, high above on the wide ridge of the sea, beyond the swing, but always in the sounds of the crushers on the shore.

These were two unhappy whalers, my modern travelers, whose corpses are lying on one of the Caroline mountains and whose story, which has been published in the New York "Tribune" for some considerable amount of while, is as follows: Undoubtedly, it is thanks to the visitor's observation that the presence of guanos on these isles was the first to attract interest, leading to the detection of their value.

Much of the deposit materials, both in terms of look and structure, were generally very different from those of Peru' s Guanos, much of which, especially those of Jarvis, were snow-white, rock-hard and almost non-amoniac. In fact, it was Vogel Garano from which almost everything that could be dissolved had been drained by leaching out of the ground, resulting in a high concentration of lime -containing phosphates, which at the time was valued at around thirty US dollar per tonne.

Since time immemorial, the archipelago has been the nesting place of a million different species of bird, large and small, feeding mainly on the marine life and to some extent on the local critters. Most of the time, the seabirds lie on the naked surfaces of the isle, gathering in fixed crowds of thousand, each grouping different types of art and not mixing with other types.

Over time, these myriad mil-lions of the bird have generated a huge amount of materials containing the most desired concentrations of phosphate to feed the plant and enrich the ground; and it is interesting to observe how these Pacific Ocean minerals in their various states of being exemplify the so-called atomic trans-migration through partially unnatural and partially synthetic workings.

A state of seawater solutions has changed these calcium phosphates, initially obtained from primary rock, into various types of feed, both vegetable and livestock, and thus into the bone and body of migratory animals, which in turn have gradually become part of the phosphorus deposition on these islets, as bird feeding, for a number of years, and have been used to feed migratory animals,

An ornithologist could perhaps find many species among the migratory bird species of these isles, which are known to all regular observer under some popular name. Boobies are relatively large seabirds and large scuba divers jumping from the sky onto large pelagic outcrops. Departing from the isle early in the mornings to spend a whole afternoon catching and returning in the evenings, loaded with large quantities of seafood, many of them large, to spend on domestic use, usually after first meeting the taxpayers' requirements, to which they have to give a toll.

Man-o'-war falcons used this practise to their own benefit by following every man who appeared among the bird nests, circled in the sky and were willing to receive the tuna that could give up the scared gannets as victims of war. One of these poultry quickly grabbed a notepad lying on the floor for a brief while, and sails away, but he dropped it when he found out it was neither wirefish nor rats.

It was a nice little whitethrown seldom seen, except on the islands meteorological shores, which floated over the shimmering crusher and above the shimmering cliffs, flew with a gentle floating motion, circled almost in range and looked curiously into the eye, as if looking for a little mirror.

Nearly every spectator who saw these species was struck by their extraordinary natural beauties and their inquisitive behaviour. Strange were even seamen who came on land for Sunday's freedom, sometimes harsh guys whose way across the islands could too often be followed by the corpses of deliberately killed boobies.

During the Beagle's journey, it was interesting to see the following reference to the Keeling Island area: Some years later, in Darwin's Journal of Researches: Several interesting missions have been done with these boats, especially between Baker and Howland Isles, which are about fifty leagues apart. Several times on Howland Island, a fly was taken from its balls and brought aboard a ship that sailed to or from Baker, from where it came back to its home immediately after liberation, with a statement on a piece of screen bound to its heel.

For example, the ship's protector Ortolan left Howland one mornings at eight o'clock, with a Bos'n released the next evening and found in natural light on her bos'nest the next mornings, with a report indicating the ship's degree of breadth and length at the moment of the bird's departure.

These may remind the reader of "Foul Play" of an interesting episode in the well-known Charles Read&130; and Dion Boucicault stories, in which the character and character, who live together on an otherwise inhabited Pacific Isle, are lead to investigate the issue of "how to spread intellect from a solid Isle across a hundred miles of the ocean".

" It was the real experience of an Aussie skipper whose boat was once landed by a flight attendant carrying a disembarked salvage-gees' mess; the original concept of binding embassies to the legs of boats sailing in this part of the globe was born; it was the story's novel; it is the result of the experience of an ancestor; it is the result of the experience of an abandoned ship's mate; and it is the result of the desire to communicate with boats that navigate in this part of the underworld; the concept of the concept of the ship's mate; the concept of the ship's ship's mate; and the concept of the ship's ancestors; the concept of the sailors of the ship's ship's ancestors; the concept of the ship's ship's captain';

Only a few, if any, Pacific isles are not home to the presence of a rat, and they are sometimes present in large numbers. Especially on Howland Iceland they had reproduced almost unbelievably. For years they must have been on the isle because there seemed to be no signs of a wreck that could have carried them.

Their livelihood s were balls and bird corpses that were too small to protect themselves. An existential battle seemed to be going on between the mammals and the smaller bird species, on which the small mammals mainly relied for their assistance, and these bird species seemed to be on the brink of extinction.

Not only were they able to protect their balls but they were also keen predators for the craving rat population. In the shelter of the nights they appeared from their hides and raved about the surfaces of the islands and searched for their fodder among the smaller of them.

Those sneaky little ones learnt that the look of a man strolling around the islands, especially with a hound, was to them synonymous with the presence of rivals, and everyone who went that way was usually followed by a floating herd that was willing and eager for the sports they had learnt to do. One of the hounds picked up a rodent was quickly thrown into the sky, where the poultry were willing to catch it, sometimes with a competition on the piano for the controversial property.

A type of sports, a kind of pole in the sky that seemed to be as much a pleasure to both bird and observer, was to throw two rivals into the sky at the same time, not individually and separately, but bound together with a cord about one meter thick.

Immediately the poultry put a stop to the rivals, and the winning first price sailed with one in his bill and the other swung in the skies until he was caught by the second win, when the weakened holding poultry was forced to let go after a fast, fierce fight and a tight grip on the string, which reopened the match to all of the chase.

It then continued as a continual show, with something Jone-like but quickly recurring disappearance and resurgence of the small rascals, quickly devoured and grudgingly spat out by the poultry, until the herd, completely worn out by its violent flying and exceptional practice, landed on the floor for a brief ceasefire,

Sport and amusement or interesting variety, albeit a bit rarely. These islets were not entirely lacking: climb, get up, skillfully balanced, keep the plank "end on" while it was shooting in with the foamy crusher, all screaming and chanting as they plunged to the bank, or making a joke of fellows who lose their equilibrium and plunged back into the ocean, and then quickly get up again, prepared for another spin.

Even uncomfortable adventures of this kind were not restricted to foreigners and newcomers, as the Baker Island-based navigator or skipper rightly knew. He boarded a boat one night, the Flying Dragon, and then lay at the berth to give the master of the boat a very large cage of clean egg, which he had collected this mornings between the sea swallow's shelters.

When the master of the boat was escorted by his woman, an experienced and likeable young Boston woman, the master had X-rayed himself in his best flawless leash and impeccable blanket, with the aim of making a stop in the cab. The first time these Ecuadorian isles came into the possession of the Americans, the bird population was their main dweller.

Situated in an almost rain-free area, these islets are inherently inhabitable by humanity because they have no freshwater spring in the soils. Indigenous feeding stocks of the island were plentiful in abundance of seafood, bird and egg; precipitation was too unsafe and untrustworthy for the necessary supplies of rain.

Severe downpours were occasional, usually at midnight; but during the day, it often occurred that a shower approaching the isle from the wind split in two, apparently split by the upward-directed pillar of warm mountain breeze ascending from the shore, passing by, sometimes to the south and sometimes to the north, keeping the centre of the latter arid.

Predominant wind was east wind, which changed directions with the alternating seagoing son of the lake, and came from the NE in the northwinter when the south was inclined, and in the northwinter when the northwas inclined. Seeming currents and the amount of ocean showed similar fluctuations that ran from northeastern to southwestern during the northwinters, resulting in more common seasons of harsh waters and higher surfs; and from southeastern to northwestern during the northsummer, with calmer oceans and fewer surfing sessions.

This change in marine and windward patterns has a noteworthy effect on the island's lee shores, especially in Baker, where a large area of coastline, which covers perhaps ten or fifteen hectares, is about ten foot wide and contains tens of tens of thousands of tonnes of sands. The change in trends of these vast oceans, from the western to the southern shores of the archipelago and back and forth between the peak and midsummer.

Oddly enough, instead of being taken into the ocean as expected, the swimming materials were almost always kept in the crushers' external line, sometimes wiped around the islands and rinsed on the meteorological side.

While I was on these isles I saw two wrecks, the Silver Star on Jarvis and the UK vessel Virginia on Baker, both on the west bank, and in both cases the beached hulls were raised by the cold wave some while later and sailed to the south side of the isle.

A further notable effect of the alternating times of the year at the equator is the noticeable motion of the solar from North to South and back again between the winter and the humming of the moderate areas. Around the equinox in March and September, the solstice is at its peak, just above the Ecuadorian isles, and its beams would drop into the chimneys if there were any, while the mid-day shadows of the home, the only thing that provides shadows there, were falling south in the northerly summers and northwards in the southerly summers.

Many times such asterisks were like ship lighting, and I still recall one night in Jarvis, in December 1860, when we were looking for a ship, the cry "Sail ho!

Under such conditions I had the very uncommon opportunity to see the North Star from the South. In these small Ecuadorian islets, solitary shock of bleak sandy and sandy reefs, surrounded by heaven and earth, live is condensed to its most basic expressions and, if not stimulated by an accidental wreck, an exceptionally invigorating catastrophe or another entertaining occasion, as balanced as the weather and as monotonous as the oceans that break up on the coast.

At the beginning of the business, Jarvis and Baker were equipped with a wide range of facilities for convenient living. It was a luxurious New York built and sent around the Horn to be assembled upon arriving on the Isle. Workers from the isles have been accommodated in appropriate warehouses close to their area of work.

Had the precipitation been enough, these sparse, bleak islets would have long since been shrouded in flora, which would have given ample assistance to a local island populations such as those found today on the small Pacific Ocean reefs, which depend entirely on coconuts for their diet and drinking and have little use and no need for freshwater.

The distributive effects of the great sea current on all these Pacific Island will not only provide the seeds of life-sustaining flora, but also the driving whales of mankind, which are borne by the wind and swell from the overpopulated to the unpopulated isles. Although inherently unhabitable, Howland Island gave various indications of early visits, probably locals floating from offshore archipelagos whose tracks were still evident in the remnants of a paddle, a dark green tip, bits of shiny wood and other distinctive objects.

In 1863, a contemporary authority was also seen on Baker Island when a piece of scrap metal was found containing the corpses of four men from Japan during the overhaul. Were the Ecuadorian isles so covered with thickly vegetated and tree-covered plants, with or without populations, the bird would not have been able to nest in large numbers on the soil, and the sediments of guanos that would have developed under the given circumstances would never have developed.