Norfolk Island Pics
Pictures of Norfolk IslandThe Norfolk Island murders: New information
Australia's policemen could resume the case of a New Zealander who was arrested for the first time in 150 years for the Norfolk Island assassination, perhaps because he did not act alone. Glenn McNeill is behind bars because he killed Janelle Patton, 29, on Easter Sunday 2002. This case made nationwide news in Australia and New Zealand because Patton was the first man to be assassinated on the island since 1893.
In 2007 McNeill was condemned to 24 years in jail. Last April the US program for topical issues, NBC's Dateline said McNeill had a new statement - he didn't murder Patton, but he did dispose of her skull. When he was in court, the prosecutor's office used a video-based recording of McNeill - which he later rejected in the case.
Now McNeill has given TV filmmaker Bryan Bruce the name of an ostensible drugs trafficker and his woman, who he says may have killed Patton. In yesterday's The Investigator show on TV1, Bruce said that McNeill had made a U-turn in his 2006 policeman interrogation when he said he simply turned the other way and stab Patton.
The pathologist Timothy Koelmeyer said in last night's broadcast that Patton was intentionally superficially incised and then received the last puncture woundn. Mr. Bruce took his proof to the Australian Federal Police and asked them to resume the case with him.
Heir to the rebellion on Bounty: Founding effect and blending on Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island, off the east Australian coastline, has an extraordinary and intriguing past. The majority of today's island inhabitants are related to a small number of mutineers. Those entrepreneurs were made up of Caucasus men and Polynese women and resulted in a mixed people. We have analysed the impact of admixtures and start-up effects on various cardio-vascular diseases (CVD) by studying a large family tree of 5742 specimens over a period of >200 years.
Due to the relatively isolated nature of the island's inhabitants, an estimated one-third of the genome of today's island inhabitants (single large family trees) comes from 17 entrepreneurs. Polyynesian origin has a significant impact on overall triglyceride levels, bodymass index, systemic hypertension and dialysis hypertension.
In various characteristics of CVD, the effect of parentage was less pronounced, but overall the effect for all CVD-related characteristics was consistent with that of Polynesia, which entailed a higher CVD level of concern. The homozygote originating from markers was calculated and coordinated with breeding methods based on genealogical tree information. The founder effect (inbreeding and homozygote originating from markers) has significantly affected the high.
To sum up, both the start-up effect and the extremely high incorporation have significantly affected the genetics of a large number of CVD-related characteristics in this group. A lot of populated isoliates were used to divide the base of complicated characteristics. Numerous surveys have concentrated on mixed backgrounds in which people with different ancestors get married.
Genemapping trials have unearthed some locus on which the hereditary components of these phenotypes are based,16, 17 but the vast bulk of the genes of these characteristics still need to be detected. The survey included the involvement of an island tribe off the Australian westcoast in an isolation project on Norfolk Island. Isle of Norfolk Island is a small volcano island 1600 km eastward, northeastern of Sydney, Australia.
Norfolk's first foundresses were moved from Pitcairn Island and have a captivating story - their people were founded on Pitcairn in 1790 by the original'Bounty' Muterinnen (Isle of Mann and Britisch descent) and Tahitianerinnen (Polynesian descent). The reigning lieutenant of the Founty, Fletcher Christian, spearheaded the rebellion that resulted in a small number of male and female Tahiti Caucasians surviving on the island (a small number of male Tahitians also travelled to the island, but did not leave any offspring).
Until 1856 the island communities stayed insulated from migration. When Pitcairn's meagre natural resource ran out of land in 1856, most of the island's inhabitants moved to the inhabited Norfolk Island. Today's Norfolk Archipelago has a rich history of families that can be traced back to the early days of its founder. Combining a small number of entrepreneurs with different ancestors, together with an extreme rigorous migration regime and Norfolk's apparent geographic isolation, represents a uniquely large populations for the study of compound multi-factorial illness.
In keeping with their isolation we have recently shown that a number of people who have been marked by Norfolk Island have long distances of connection imbalance. Further information on the data for Norfolk Island20 and the Polish settlements in general21 was previously released. Emphasis of this paper was on the heritage of a small number of "original founders", and the number of people used differed slightly from that of Bellis et al. 22 There were 9 males ( "Bounty Muter of Caucasus descent ") and 12 females ( "Polynesian descent") entrepreneurs.
In the middle of the 19th centuary this group of animals was complemented by two other kaukasische cats. Altogether 11 masculine and 6 feminine foundresses contributed to today's individual - this sentence of "original founders" appears as full icons in the family tree of 5742 linked persons in Figure 1.
Out of 5742 specimens, 337 had phenotypic genotypic information. Out of the 337, 295 were not founder members of the family tree, the rest were spouses. It is known that a current phenotypic person has all antecedents in the group of "original founders" (Figure 2). In Fig. 2 the lines can be traced to the primordial entrepreneurs, whereby the phenomenal person is related to all six of Polynesia's "primordial entrepreneurs".
Since most of the phenotype people are younger than these, there are generally 6-7 generation between'original founders' and phenotype people. Had there been a line from the foundation to this date, phenotypic specimens would divide about 0.008-0.
from 1/128 to 1/64 (015) of their entire family of genomes with any'original founder'. As well as the persons from the family tree, another 256 phenotyped/genotyped persons were available. Altogether 593 people had available phenomena or transgenotypes (in almost all cases both). Included are nine quantifiable characteristics (Table 1).
In Bellis et al. 22 indicators information were used to verify the specified family tree relations and to evaluate whether "unrelated" with the principal pedigree could be linked to the GRR programme. A number of "non-relatives" were linked to the originally specified family tree, where several wrongly specified relations within the family tree were fixed taking into account the constraint datas.
Some of the "non-relatives" are remotely related to the family tree, but are not enough to include such persons into it. Parentage was judged by the calculation of the anticipated contributions of the single parent to their heirs. An example: a person with a 100% Polish parent and a 100% Caucasus parent would have 50% Polish and 50% Circassian descent.
In the early part of the island' s inhabitants' histories, the descent of all individual was deduced from the "original founders". Most of the people who came to the island in recent years were Caucasians, and it is believed that all newer founding members outside the group of "original founders" here have the origin of the Caucasus.
Genealogical data for the family tree were calculated with PEDIG. Twenty-four breeding co-efficients (F) on the basis of the family tree information were calculated in PEDIG according to the Meuwissen and Luo methods. In SOLAR26, the relation between each characteristic and lineage, label homozygosity and F was evaluated using a hybrid modelling methodology - this modelling the relation between each person in the family tree by adjusting a variation element for the additional genetical effect transferred to each progeny.
A solid effect was adjusted for each lineage, label homozygote and F in turn to test the effect on the characteristics of interest. Out of 5742 specimens in the family tree, 1503 were inbreeds. Averages F of inbreeders were 0. 044, with a peak of 0. 16 (0. 16 indicates slightly more incest than would ensue from an auncular association).
Out of 337 phenotype/genotype subjects, 60 are inbreeders - the mean number of inbreeders in these subjects was 0.026, with a peak of 0.081. Fig. 3 shows the connection between marker-derived homozygote and F for the 60 inbreeders. There is a certain variation in marker-derived homozygote for those who are not bred (based on available family tree information) (F=0), but the mean for the non-bred subjects is 0. 21 - this is the same as the section inferred from the bred subjects.
There were a small number of non-human tree specimens with markers that were much higher than anticipated when not in breeding - it is likely that some of these specimens are actually related to the primary pedigree, but the available markers were not enough to connect these specimens to the primary pedigree specifically (using the GRR program).
Homozygote originating from markers and coeficient of incubation. Obviously, the mean share of the start-up community declines over the years ( "married" as more new start-ups are born), but the share of the start-ups is still relatively high. In the phenotype tree there are 295 non-founders. These persons bear on averages 18% of their genomes from the masculine entrepreneurs and 14% of their genomes from the feminine entrepreneurs - histogrammes are shown in Figure 4.
Today's Figure 2 shows the person on the right side of the bar chart - it is assumed that 61% of his genomes have been derived from founding men and 39% from founding women and have F=0.029. Also the feminine historogram in Figure 2 can be construed to show the level of Polynesian/Caucasian blending in the Norfolk Island populations (provided that all new entrepreneurs were Caucasian).
Looking at each individual entrepreneur, some of the founding entrepreneurs make much more contributions to today's phenotypes than others (range: 0.2-3.1%). Contributions of the "original" founders: We have a close connection between lineage and breeding - people who are married to a small group of entrepreneurs are bred and bear much of the genetic material of the origin.
There was a corroboration between F and polynesic descent of 0.78. Charts showing the relation between the share of the original founders' genomes (i.e. parentage) and the breeding inequality are shown in Figure 5. There was much less association between marker-derived homozygote and Polyynesian descent (0.19). Relation between descent and inbreeding: It was also used to assess the effect of Polish descent, taking into consideration the known relations between people.
Polish founding lineage significantly enhanced overall triglyceride levels, BMI, SBP and BP (Table 1). It was also indicated that Polynesia's ancestors raised overall levels of adiposity. While the effect of parentage on the other characteristics was not significant, the effect was always the same with Polish parentage, resulting in less favourable results in terms of exposure to VAD risks (increase in all characteristics except HDL and height).
A larger Polyynesian lineage seems likely to generally increase the vulnerability of individuals to characteristics associated with CVD when these subjects have been "exposed" to a West aliment. The effect of GWH and breeding (F) on each characteristic is shown in Chart 2. N=593 for GWH; only 60 for N, H because only specimens from the family tree can be judged on their F-value and only a partial set of specimens from the family tree are inbreeded.
Significantly affected by marker-derived homozygote was altitude, and this finding was also validated in the small group of inbreeders. Gesamtcholesterin and SBP were significantly related to F, although the pronounced F-origin relationship makes interpretations complicated. People with a high proportion of Polish ancestors have a tendency to keep up this high standard, as they are descendents of the few Polish ancestors.
Due to the pronounced relationship between F and lineage in the pedigrees, it is hard to completely unravel their effect. F fitting both F into the lineage pattern made F insignificant (and the other way around). In GWH and parentage the relationship was much lower (0.19).
Shown composite results refer to the primary family tree along with the extra specimens (N=593). Results were similar if the results were limited to the N=295 non-founders in the ancestry. Some of the characteristics, which included a dominant part in the cast, caused convergences to fail.
Concerning other characteristics, estimations of domination variation were made, but (1) our assurance that these results were accurate and were not convergent artifacts was low and (2) the SE of the domination component estimation was very large. Not surprisingly, our family tree has some limitations in estimating the domination deviation, as the domination deviation can only be guessed from a finite number of (phenotyped) relatives such as full siblings.
Norfolk Island has an extraordinary and intriguing story. In this paper, the presented information offers a one-of-a-kind way to investigate the impact of both parentage and start-up effect on CVD-related characteristics. In order to enable an inheritance to be analysed, an exact family tree structuring, which defines the "original founders" of interest, is indispensable. The Norfolk Island populations used well recorded historic recordings and also verified the family tree structures with markers - people with high inbred ( "F") had higher GWHs.
Incorporated parentage is still an important element in the genetics of this populations, as migration to the island has been tightly controlled in recent years. Most of the new migrants are considered Caucasians - to allow us to analyse this, we thought that all of them were Caucasians. Due to the demographic background of the island's inhabitants, there was a close relationship between the founders' origins of men and women.
Since the feminine lineage of the founders is in the majority (with all new immigrants from the Caucasus arriving on the island), it was believed that mixing these Polynesians into an otherwise Celtic rehearsal was the "event" of prime interest. The results can be interpreted in such a way that the gene of the British sailor differs from that of the Caucasians (rising Caucasians, triglyceride, SBP and DBP), whereby Polynesians are similar to the general Caucasians.
We focused on the "genome-wide" effect of parentage on every characteristic of interest. It was chosen because the ability to recognize lineage was high and in fact an effect of lineage was shown for a number of characteristics. One possible next stage would be to use the label to further identification of chromosome region (additive mapping) on which the effect of parentage is based.
Previous research in the founding communities has taken CVD hazard phenotype into account. A Hutterite dataset is investigated by Abney et al28 and Ober et al,8 and significant dominant offsets of variation for the characteristics SBP and LDL are reported, but no dominant offsets for Triglyceride, HDL, Altitude, BMI and DBP. ampbell et alg29 investigate the effects of incest on these characteristics in another founding populace of the Croatian islands of Dalmatia.
Campbell et al29 find that breeding influences the characteristics (SBP and LDL) that have dominant positives of variation, but not the other characteristics. Here we find a small effect of pure breed breeding (inbreeding coefficent, F) on SBP, but this seems to be more explainable as an effect of Polish descent than outbreeding.
No effect of marker-derived homozygote (an In Breeding Proxy) on SBP in the large group of 593 specimens with available datas. There was no effect of LDL in the Norfolk people. In large twins studies, none of these characteristics have been shown to have dominant effects,30, 31, 32 although this is not necessarily surprising, as twins are typical of the general public - the genetics of these characteristics are likely to differ in terms of individual settlements in comparison to general public specimens.
Homozygote /breeding showed that the level in inbreeders seemed to have slightly declined - there was no significant influence of Polish descent on the level. In a number of characteristics, the mixing of Polyynesian and Circassian genes seemed to be influencing, with the Polyynesian ancestors significantly enhancing the characteristic levels for overall triglyceride, BMI, SBP and DCP.
The effect of parentage was not significant for the other characteristics, but in all cases the effect was consistently with that of Polynesia, which increased the potential for VAD. While it cannot be excluded that this increase may be caused by outbreeding, the absence of associations with marker-derived homozygote indicates that parentage is the primary cause.
Thank you to the Norfolk Island Volunteer for their involvement in this survey. Irfan M, Malik M, et al. Characteristics of a recurring severe depressive disorder in a large family tree from a country town in Pakistan. J. Norfolk Island - South Pacfic: Island of history and many pleasures. Myknowledge THE, Luo Z. Calculation of breeding inequities in large population.