Luxembourg
LuxambourgDuring the Belgian Revolution of 1830-1839 and the Treaty of 1839 on complete autonomy, the Luxembourg territories were cut by more than half, as the predominantly French-speaking part of the west of the countryside was moved to Belgium. 1842 Luxembourg became a member of the Deutscher Zollverein. This led to the opening of the Geman markets, the growth of the Luxembourg iron and steel industries and the extension of the Luxembourg railways from 1855 to 1875, in particular the Luxembourg-Thionville rail line with links from there to the various parts of Europe's industries.
34 ] While Prussians were still occupying the fort, the Passerelle was opened in 1861, the first Pétrusse Viaduct linking the Ville Haute and the fortifications on the Bock with the Luxembourg train stop, which was opened in 1859 on the then defended Bourbon plain to the south.
In the 1870 Franco-Prussian Wars, Luxembourg's impartiality was respectful despite claims about the use by the Duchy of Luxembourg's railway system for the transfer of troops from Metz (then part of France) and for the transfer of regulations to Thionville from Germany, and neither France nor Germany infiltrated.
37 ][38] With Germany's defeat of France in 1871, the Luxembourg-Lorraine border with Metz and Thionville was transformed from a border with a part of France into a border with an area affiliated to the German Reich as Alsace-Lorraine under the Treaty of Frankfurt. Emperor Germany broke Luxembourg's independence in the August 1914 French Revolution.
Nevertheless, despite the Nazi regime, Luxembourg was able to retain a large part of its autonomy and policy-making. When the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany came into the state in 1940, after the Second World War broke out, Luxembourg's impartiality was once again undermined. Unlike the First World War, under the Nazi regime of the Second World War, the land was considered Germany's own land and informal annexation to the bordering Third Reich was made.
In September 1944 Luxembourg was freed and became a founder member of the United Nations in 1945. Luxembourg's constitutional neutrality ended in 1948 and became a founder member of NATO in 1949. There are three lower courts (Justices de Paul; in Esch-sur-Alzette, the town of Luxembourg and Diekirch), two regional courts (Luxembourg and Diekirch) and a Supreme Court (Luxembourg), which comprises the Court of Appeal and the Court of Cassation.
The canton of Luxembourg is subdivided into 12 municipalities, further subdivided into 102. 44 ] Twelve of the municipalities have the rank of a town, of which the town of Luxembourg is the biggest. The European Court of Justice, the European Court of Auditors, the Statistical Office of the European Communities ("Eurostat") and other important EU institutions are based in Luxembourg.
Parliament's secretariat is in Luxembourg, but Parliament normally convenes in Brussels and sometimes in Strasbourg. Luxemburg has a very small force of about 800 troops and 100 officials in its defence and in NATO. Luxembourg is bordered to the west by the federal states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland in Germany and to the west by the Lorraine region in France.
It is bordered by the Walloon Region of Belgium, in particular the Province of Luxembourg and the Province of Liège, which includes the German-speaking Community of Belgium to the east and east. Situated in the southern centre of Luxembourg, the Luxembourg Plain is a large, shallow limestone formations and the location of the town.
Small Switzerland, in the eastern part of Luxembourg, has rugged countryside and dense woods. To the extreme southern and south-western regions, the Red Countries are the central country of Luxembourg and home to many of the biggest cities in Luxembourg. There are three major tributaries between Luxembourg and Germany: the Moselle, the Sauer and the Our.
Luxemburg is the second biggest mutual funds center in the global economy (after the United States), the most important center for the euro zone and Europe's foremost center for reinsurers. In addition, the Luxembourg authorities have tried to attracting startups, with Skype and Amazon being two of the many ISPs that have moved their local head offices to Luxembourg.
Concerns about Luxembourg's bank-client confidentiality and its status as a fiscal haven in April 2009 resulted in Luxembourg being placed on a "grey list" of countries with dubious bank transactions by the G20. 59 ][60] In March 2010, the Sunday Telegraph according to which most of Kim Jong-il's 4 billion dollars are in classified bank deposits with Luxembourgesbanks.
61 ] Amazon.co. uk also good from Luxembourg's fiscal hiccups by channelling significant revenue from the UK, The Guardian according to an April 2012 report. Luxembourg ranks third among the world's largest jurisdictions in the 2011 Financial Secrecy Index of the Cayman Islands. 63 ] In 2013, Luxembourg will be the second most secure taxation haven in the rest of the overturn.
As a member of the EU, Luxembourg has particularly strong commercial and fiscal relations with Belgium and the Netherlands (see Benelux) and benefits from the open EU markets. Luxemburg has powerful roads, rails and aviation equipment and tolls. With the introduction of the high-speed TGV connection to Paris, the city's train was renovated and a new ferry port at Luxembourg Airport was opened in 2008.
In December 2017, the Luxembourg Municipality re-introduced tramways, and it is planned to open tram routes in neighbouring areas in the next few years. Luxembourg's telecoms sector has been liberalized and electronics communication network expansion is significant. The 2011 government regulatory package Paquet Telecom[67], which implements the European telecoms directives into Luxembourg legislation, ensures that there is competitive activity between the various telecoms providers.
ILR - Institut Luxembourgeois de Régulation[68] is responsible for ensuring that these statutory provisions are complied with. A number of suppliers connect Luxembourg to the large network of large scale Europe centres: In Luxembourg there is an Ethernet node and a Carrier Ethernet node. In Luxembourg, three officially recognized langauges are: German, French and Luxembourgish, a Frankish in the Moselle area, which is also widely used in neighboring parts of Belgium, Germany and France.
Although Luxembourgish belongs to the group of High Ger-man tongues in western Germany, more than 5,000 words are in the tongue of Franco. 130 ][131] The first published movements in Luxembourgish were published in a Luxembourgish newspaper, the "Luxemburger Wochenblatt", in its second issue on April 14, 1821. In a Eurobarometer survey in 2005[141], 44% of Luxembourgers replied that "they believe there is a God", while 28% replied that "they believe there is some kind of mind or vitality" and 22% that "they do not believe there is any kind of mind, God or vitality".
Filmstar Loretta Young was of Luxembourgian ancestry. Luxemburg was the first town to be twice designated European Capital of Culture. The European Capital of Culture[146] was to be a cross-border area in 2007, comprising the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland in Germany, the Walloon Region and the German-speaking part of Belgium, and the Lorraine region in France.
In contrast to most European nations, the Luxembourg game does not concentrate on a particular kind of international game, but covers a number of different types of game, both for teams and individuals. In spite of the absence of a key athletic priority, more than 100,000 persons with a combined overall resident base of around 500,000-600,000 members of one or other athletic association are admitted to Luxembourg.
150 ] The biggest sporting facility in the state is d'Coque, an 8,300-seat covered and Olympia thermal bath in Kirchberg in northeastern Luxembourg. Stade Josy Barthel in the west of Luxembourg is the biggest of its kind and it has a seating capacity of 8,054, and has been designated after the country's only officially designated Olympics champion.
Among the well-known athletes are (see also the list of Luxembourg Athletes of the Year): The Luxembourg kitchen mirrors its location on the boundary between the Latin and Teutonic world and is strongly marked by the kitchens of neighbouring France and Germany. The majority of Luxembourg's local meals, eaten as meals of the day, have the same origins in the country's popular courts as in neighbouring Germany.
In Luxembourg, the most important official jargon is English and Spanish. Luxemburger Wort is the German-language paper with the highest circulations. In Europe, Luxembourg is known for its TV and RTL Group. In 2014, Luxembourg won an Oscar in the animated short film competition with Mr Hublot.
In fact, there is no formal Luxembourgese. There is no mention of any law in the Constitution; other legislation only speaks Luxembourgish as "national language" and France and Germany as "administrative languages". Luxembourg". Accessed October 1, 2017. Accessed December 4, 2015. Accessed March 25, 2017.
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