Laysan Hawaii

) egy kis terület?, lakatlan sziget a Csendes-óceánban, mely földrajzilag az Északnyugati Hawaii-szigetek közé tartozik. The Laysan Albatross' breeding and non-breeding area.

Isla Laysan

Laysan Iceland is in a way the most intriguing and in a way the most unhappy of all the small points of the country in the "small end of Hawaii". "It used to support the biggest colony of Albatros in the world. Though never above fifty ft above sealevel at any point in its evolution, it was once home to sand-wood forests, thick shrubs and indigenous palm branches, under whose shadow five types of terrestrial bird developed that were unknown on this isle, endemically and elsewhere.

All this on an area of only two sq. m. of sandy and coralline. It is a result of the interplay between many years of chemically mixed sea sands and the feces of innumerable bird species. Once the guanic mineralizations were on Laysan, man soon found the way there to excavate and transport them; and as customary, to disturb the beautifully adapted equilibrium that nature had created there.

Pirates were also lured to Laysan by the many bird species, and they recklessly killed several hundred thousand for their flock. As a feeding ground, the introduction of the rabbit and cavies, which disappeared so entirely from the remnants of the flora that the livelihood of the bird was endangered and some species became extinct. However, this was not the case.

The town of Laysan is 790 nautical leagues northeast of Honolulu, 25 degree 42'14" north and 171 degree 44'04" east of Greenwich. His closest neighbors are Lisianski, 115 Leagues to the East, Gardner Pinnacles, 202 Leagues to the South East and Pearl and Hermes Reef, 260 Leagues to the North East.

It' formed like a large hawaiian pinioning plank, about a nautical metre in width and two kilometres long, northern and southern. However, the thorough investigation carried out by the Tanager expedition in April 1923 revealed the maximal length of 9375 ft and the biggest width of 5580 ft, which is one and four-fifths more than one in landmiles.

It has a loose packing of core and on the southern and western sides it is made of core and phosphates. Strands suddenly emerge from the water's margin to an altitude of 15 to 18 ft, are then flattened to a max altitude of 30 to 40 ft and then fall down slowly into a deep valley, part of which is covered by a saline pond with no access to the seas.

It has a slightly higher elevation than above sealevel, and its former water table was more than five metres deep. However, so much sands have flowed into this pool while the isle has been robbed of flora that it is now probably much flatter. Willian Alanson Bryan proposed that Laysan was once a small apocalypse whose totality was raised in relation to averages.

It is said that this isle was an US find, but the detail is not available. Captain Stanikowitsch, who visited the Isle on 12 March 1828, called it Moller Iceland after his boat. Captain John Paty annihilated the Isle on May 1, 1857 as part of his famed fifty-day expedition aboard the Manuokawai Shelter.

"That' a low sandy isle, 25 to 30 ft high, 3m long and 1.5m high. There is a middle part of the lake (salt) 1m long and half a metre large, and not a hundred metres from the lake there is plenty of bearable good freshwater that can be had by ditching two legs.

"There are, on a low estimation, 800,000. Obviously they were not used to the human face, as they would hardly move when we approached, and the bird life was so gentle and abundant that it was hard to run across the islands without entering....

" Lieutenant J. M. Brooke Laysan paid a visit to the Fenimore Cooper in 1859 and painted a chart of the archipelago on which two palms are depicted on the eastern shores of the lake. In the same year, Captain N.C. Brooks paid a visit to Laysan in the Bark Gambia. Briefly he writes about the Isle that it is "covered by lush bushes", and that "there are five palms on the Isle, and I have gathered 25 different plant species, some of them wonderfully blooming undergrowth....

" Laysan was rented by the Kingdom of Hawaii to the North Pacific Phosphate and Fertilizer Company on March 29, 1890 for a term of 20 years. Many ships came to Laysan during this era. In 1892-93 the schooner Liholiho of Hawaii travelled regularly; the US Bark Irmgard in 1893; the US Bark Planner in 1894 and 1898; the US schooner Robert Lewers in 1894; the US Bark Ka Moi in 1895; the US Bark C.D. Bryant in 1895 and 1897; the US Bark H.

Hackfeld in 1896; the hawaiian schooner Norma in 1896 and 1899; the Hawaiian schooner Waiale, 1898; the US Bark McNear, 1899, and others, made the dangerous ascent through poorly mapped cliffs to take away burdens of guan os, or to bring food to the small settlement of guanos excavators.

Ceylon Woodbark was destroyed on Laysan in July 1902. In May 1904 the protector Robert Lewers made a last journey to Laysan for the last load of Guan for Hackfeld and Company, which soon afterwards gave up the rental contract. Max Schlemmer, the head of the excavation of the Guanos, lived on the isle until November 1915.

Around 1903, Captain Schlemmer imported bunnies into Laysan, some of them, it is said, to increase his nutritional needs, and some of them, according to Professor Home Dill, to found a cannery for canned bunnies. In any case, they incubated abundantly, because within six years the whole country was overwhelmed by them. On Laysan the circumstances were described much less than on Lisianski.

Virtually every sheet of grass on the entire length of the isle has been gobbled up except for the cobblestone. In the absence of a habitat for sandy areas and bird sanctuaries, the islands quickly became an almost inhabitable wasteland and the large bird populations were in danger of becoming extinct. In addition, there were the feathers gatherers, Japanese celebrations that killed many Laysan albatrosses and other bird species for their feathers, with which they circumcised the caps.

Birdwatchers in Hawaii lodged a complaint in Washington, and on February 3, 1909, by order of the government, President Theodore Roosevelt laid off all Hawaii' island from Kure to Nihoa, except Midway, a reserve where it was illegal to slaughter or harass the poison.

When a group of Japonese hunters arrived on Laysan and Lisianski in the early 1909, they were promptly detained by the tax tailor Thetis and taken to Honolulu for trials. A group of scientists from Iowa State College in 1911 went to Laysan to see the world of the seabirds and collect materials for a magnificent group of seabirds.

C. Young, C.J. Albrecht, photojournalist, and C.A. Corwin, artiste who stayed 42 nights on the archipelago, and William Alanson Bryan, who attended the six-day-event. Thetis brought the festival to Laysan on April 24th and demanded it again on June 5th. Laysan was also the subject of several other science excursions.

First of these was Henry Palmer's June 1891 call to collect poultry for Guest of Honour Walter Rothschild von Tring, England. It was this journey that provided the foundation for the first book of Rothschild's Avifauna by Laysan and the neighboring Isles, which appeared in London in 1893. Honolulu -based George C. Munro was Palmer's research fellow, and he wrote an interesting report on his ten-day observation on the Honolulu Audubon in " Myriad-nested Laysan ", Asia for October 1930, and a number of notations in editions of the Elepaio, the Honolulu Audubon Society's governing body.

Laysan paid a visit to the U.S. Fish Commission vessel, Albatross, in 1902, and a very full recording of the world of birds is presented by Dr. Walter K. Fisher in the Fish Commission Bulletin for 1903. Tanager's expedition party took place on Laysan in early 1923 for more than a year. Researchers found that the isle had turned into a sandy wasteland.

Fishes have been recorded as extensively available on Laysan, crabs and other species of sea creatures also along the coral canal. Big tortoises, which used to be found on the beach, still come to the islands from time to time to lie down and sunbathe. It was the typical location of the indigenous Hwaiian Monachus shauinslandi seals, which is scarce today.

In his fifteen-year stay on the Isle, Max Schlemmer told us that he killed seven people. Among the many insect populations, the most numerous are those that nest in deaths. This includes blowflies, ant and dermestide bugs, which were very numerous at the times when several hundred thousand bird carcases were dumped on the sand to decay.

Now, when the island's foes are gone and new flora has taken the place of the endangered, the islands is beginning a "comeback". We hope that Laysan will become a "paradise paradise of Hawaii' s bird sanctuary again after many misfortunes.